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The conclusion is that the ‗irfān of Imam ‗Ali (‗a) may be characterized by the following features: (1) ‗irfān consists of both knowledge by presence and conceptual knowledge of God. ![]() Then we turn to the sources on the basis of which claims may be defended about the ‗irfān of Imam ‗Ali (‗a). ![]() After this we consider some controversies about the nature of ‗irfān and its relationship to Sufism, for the terms have been used in different ways. Hence, we begin with a review of how the mystics viewed Imam ‗Ali (‗a). ![]() All of the major branches of Islamic mysticism, ‗irfān, refer to Imam ‗Ali (‗a) as a major source for their teachings and practices.
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